Henri Rousseau

Henri Rousseau

Henri Rousseau was a self-taught French painter best known for his vivid, dreamlike jungle scenes. Lacking formal training, his work was marked by a naïve, or primitive, style that defied the conventions of academic art. Despite early ridicule from critics and the art establishment, Rousseau was admired by avant-garde artists like Picasso, Léger, Jean Hugo, and the Surrealists, who recognized the bold imagination behind his work. Nicknamed Le Douanier (“the Customs Officer”) due to his job on the outskirts of Paris, Rousseau only began painting seriously at age 40 and retired nine years later to pursue art full time. Though he never left France, his exotic landscapes—lush with oversized foliage and wild animals—were inspired by visits to botanical gardens, illustrated books, and stories from soldiers who had served abroad. Rousseau believed himself to be a great realist, proudly comparing himself to Picasso. He also pioneered the "portrait landscape" genre, blending figures into rich natural backdrops. Once mocked, Rousseau is now celebrated as a visionary outsider whose work continues to inspire, including references in modern pop culture such as the film Madagascar.