Steen ran a brewery and a tavern, painted roughly eight hundred pictures, fathered eight children and died in debt. The Dutch phrase "a Jan Steen household" still describes a home in cheerful disarray, which is exactly what his paintings depict: noisy domestic scenes of feasts, drinking parties, quack doctors and misbehaving children, painted with moral commentary buried under layers of visual comedy.

He was born in Leiden around 1626 into a well-to-do Catholic family of brewers who ran the tavern The Red Halbert. In 1648 he and Gabriel Metsu co-founded the painters' Guild of Saint Luke in Leiden. He studied under Jan van Goyen, the landscape painter, and married Van Goyen's daughter Margriet in 1649. His father leased him a brewery in Delft from 1654 to 1657; when the art market collapsed in the Year of Disaster (1672), he opened a tavern in Leiden.

His painting drew heavily on the Rhetoricians, the amateur theatrical guilds whose public performances combined moralising with bawdy comedy. Steen treated his own family as a cast: he used relatives as models and painted himself repeatedly with no trace of vanity, often as the fool or the drunk. The Feast of Saint Nicholas and Girl Eating Oysters are among his most recognisable images, each balancing precise observation of Dutch domestic life with a theatrical sense of timing.

Despite enormous productivity he struggled financially throughout his career. His second wife was left with heavy debts and a large family after his death in Leiden in 1679, at fifty-two. Collectors valued him from early on, but the prices came after his lifetime.