Man Ray was born Emmanuel Radnitzky in Philadelphia and changed his name because it sounded better. The name change set the tone. He spent his career crossing boundaries: between painting and photography, between Dada and Surrealism, between Paris and New York, between art and fashion.

He moved to Paris in 1921 and stayed for twenty years. He arrived knowing Marcel Duchamp, who had been his closest collaborator in New York. The two of them shared an instinct for provocation. Man Ray's contribution to Dada was the 'rayograph', made by placing objects directly on photographic paper and exposing them to light. No camera, no lens. The results look like X-rays of the unconscious: keys, springs, hands, fabrics, rendered as white silhouettes on black.

He became the portrait photographer of the Parisian avant-garde. Picasso, Hemingway, Gertrude Stein, Jean Cocteau, the Surrealists. The portraits are sharp, well-lit, and respectful, which is not what you would expect from a Dadaist. He also worked in fashion photography for Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, which paid the bills and gave him access to models and studios.

The most famous image is Le Violon d'Ingres (1924): a photograph of Kiki de Montparnasse's back with f-holes painted on it, turning a woman into a cello. It is witty, elegant, and uncomfortable in exactly the way Surrealism intended. He claimed to value his paintings more than his photographs. The world disagreed, and he never entirely forgave it.

He returned to Paris after the war and stayed until his death in 1976, at eighty-six.