A seminal work of Brazilian Modernism, this painting depicts a dense, multi-layered crowd of industrial workers against a backdrop of factory chimneys.

Operários, painted in 1933, is a significant work within the Brazilian Modernist movement. The composition features a dense, multi-layered arrangement of faces representing the diverse workforce of the industrial era in São Paulo. Tarsila do Amaral employs a flattened perspective, stacking the figures in a grid-like formation that fills the canvas. Behind the crowd, the stark, vertical forms of factory chimneys rise against a pale blue sky, establishing a clear connection between the labourers and the industrial environment. The faces depicted show a variety of ethnic backgrounds and ages, reflecting the demographic reality of the period. Each individual is rendered with simplified features and a neutral expression, contributing to a sense of collective identity rather than individual portraiture. The colour palette is restrained, relying on muted tones for the figures, which allows the geometric shapes of the factory architecture to provide structural contrast. This work marks a shift in the artist's career toward social themes. By focusing on the human element of industrialisation, the painting documents the rapid urbanisation of Brazil during the early twentieth century. The repetition of forms across the surface creates a rhythmic quality, drawing the eye across the mass of humanity. It is a precise observation of the social conditions of the time, captured through the lens of Modernist abstraction. The work remains a primary example of how the artist synthesised international avant-garde techniques with the specific social context of her home country.